I will be streaming using “Qik” video and will  be installing the latest and greatest Windows Version on a dual 64bit AMD processor Laptop. We will be answering questions live via Twitter at our address: www.twitter.com/problemsolved as well as the Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Layton-UT/Problem-Solved-PC-Repair/82388872139?ref=ts . If you would like to be at the party I have open 8 other special guests spots. If you would please RSVP (due to special give-aways) a place. These spots are up for grabs. Contact us via twitter, facebook, MSN(Live) messenger(problemsolvedpcrepair@gmail.com).

  UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
     UU                                                  UU
     UU              BABEL:  A GLOSSARY OF               UU
     UU   COMPUTER ORIENTED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS   UU
     UU                                                  UU
     UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU Version 94A UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

Copyright (c) 1989-1993  Irving Kind        All Rights Reserved

AA        Auto Answer
AAB       All-to-All Broadcast
AAP       Applications Access Point [DEC]
AAS       All-to-All Scatter
AASP      ASCII Asynchronous Support Package
AAT       Average Access Time
ABC    *  Atanasoff-Berry Computer  (First digital calculating
          machine that used vacuum tubes)
ABEND     Abnormal End
ABI       Application Binary Interface
ABIOS     Advanced BIOS
ABS       Absolute
ABT       Abort
AC        Automatic Computer + Alternating Current
ACC       Accumulator
ACD       Automated Call Distribution
ACDI      Asynchronous Communications Device Interface
ACE       Advanced Computing Environment [SCO] +
          Adverse Channel Enhancements [Microcom] +
       *  Automatic Computing Engine
ACF       Access Control Field + Advanced Communications Function
ACH       Automated Clearing House
ACIAS     Automated Calibration Internal Analysis System
ACIS      American Committee for Interoperable Systems
ACK       Acknowledgment
ACL       Access Control List
ACM       Association for Computing Machinery
ACMS      Application Control Management System
ACP       Ancillary Control Program + Auxillary Control Process
ACROSS    Automated Cargo Release and Operations Service System
ACS       Access + Access Control Set + Access Control System +
          Asynchronous Communication Server
ACU       Automatic Calling Unit
A/D       Analog to Digital
ADA       Automatic Data Acquisitions +                         
          (Programming Language named after Agusta Ada Lovelace)
ADC       Adaptive Data Compression (protocol) [Hayes] +
          Add with Carry + Analog to Digital Converter
ADCCP     Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures
ADF       Automatic Document Feed
.ADF      Adapter Description File (file name extension) [IBM]
ADI       AutoCad Device Interface (driver)
ADL       Address Data Latch
ADLAT     Adaptive Lattice Filter
ADMD      Administrative Management Domain [X.400]
.ADN      Add In Utility (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
ADP       Automatic Data Processing
ADPCM     Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
ADR       Address
ADS       Application Development Solutions [AT&T] +
          Application Development System +
          Automatic Distribution System
ADSC      Address Status Changed
ADSR      Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release
ADT       Application Data Types
ADU       Automatic Dialing Unit
AE        Above or Equal
AEB       Analog Expansion Bus [Dialogic]
AF        Auxilary carry Flag
AFC       Automatic Font Change
AFD       Automatic File Distribution
AFII      Association for Font Information Interchange
.AFM      Adobe Font Metrics (file name extension) [Adobe Systems]
AGC       Automatic Gain Control
AI        Analog Input + Artificial Intelligence
AIA       Applications Integration Architecture [DEC]
AIF       Audio Interchange Format
AIIM      Association for Information and Image Management
AISB      Association of Imaging Service Bureaus
AISP      Association of Information Systems Professionals
AIX       Advanced Interactive Executive [IBM]
ALC       Arithmetic and Logic Circuits + Automatic Level Control
ALE       Address Latch Enable
ALGOL     Algorithmic Oriented Language (see IAL)
ALR       Advanced Logic Research, Inc.
ALT       Alternate (mode)
ALU       Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD       Active Matrix Display + Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
AMMA      Advanced Memory Management Architecture [Everex Systems]
AMANDDA   Automated Messaging and Directory Assistance
ANCOVA    Analysis of Covariance
ANI       Automatic Number Identification
ANOVA     Analysis Of Variance
ANSI      American National Standards Institute
AO        Analog Output
AOE       Application Operating Environment [AT&T]
AOL       America Online
AOS       Add Or Subtract
AP        Adjunct Processor + Application Processor
A/P       Accounts Payable
APA       Adaptive Packet Assembly +
          All Points Addressable +
          Arithmetic Processing Accelerator
APAR      Authorized Program Analysis Report [IBM]
APAREN    Address Parity Enable [IBM]
APCUG     Association of PC User Groups
API       Application Program Interface +
          Application Programming Interface
APL       A Programming Language (Mathematics)
APM       Advanced Power Management [IBM OS2]
.APP      Application (file name extension) [R:Base]
APPC      Advanced Program-to-Program
          Communication (protocol) [IBM]
APPI      Advanced Peer-to-Peer Internetworking
APPN      Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking [IBM]
APS       Asynchronous Protocol Specification
APSE      ADA Programming Support Environment
APT       Address Pass Through +
          Automatically Programmed Tools
A/R       Accounts Receivable
ARA       Apple Remote Access
.ARC      Archive (file name extension)
ARCA      Advanced RISC Computing Architecture
ARCnet    Attached Resource Computer Network
ARL       Adjusted Ring Length
ARLL      Advanced Run Length Limited
ARM       Asynchronous Response Mode
ARMA      Association of Records Managers and Administrators
ARP       Address Resolution Protocol [Novell]
ARPA      Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARPL      Adjust Requested Privilege Level
ARTIC     A Real-Time Interface Copressor [IBM]
ARQ       Automatic Repeat Request
ARU       Audio Response Unit
ASAP      As Soon As Possible +
          Automatic Switching And Processing
AS3AP     ANSI SQL Standard Scalable and Portable
.ASC      ASCII text (file name extension)
ASCII     American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC      Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
ASIT      Advanced Security and Identification Technology
ASL       Adaptive Speed Levelling
.ASM      Assembler Source Language (file name extension)
ASP       Association of Shareware Professionals
ASPI      Advanced SCSI Programming Interface [Adaptec]
ASPS      Advanced Signal Processing System
ASR       Automatic Send-Receive + Automatic Speech Recognition
AST       AST Research, Inc. (named from first initials of the
          founders: Albert Wong, Safi Qureshey, Thomas Yuen)
ASYNC     Asynchronous
AT        Advanced Technology + Attention
ATA       AT Bus Attachment
ATDP      Attention Dial Pulse
ATDT      Attention Dial Tone
ATE       Automated Test Equipment
ATG       Advanced Technology Group
ATH       Attention Hang-Up
ATM       Adobe Typeface Manager + Asynchronous Transfer Mode +
          Automated Teller Machine
ATR       Automatic Terminal Recognition
ATS       Administrative Terminal System +
          Apple Terminal Services
AT&T      American Telephone and Telegraph
ATTN      Attention
ATTRIB    Attribute (also ATR)
AUDIT     Automated Data Input Terminal
AUI       Attached Unit Interface
AUP       Appropriate Use Policies [Internet]
AUTO      Automatic
AUX       Auxiliary + (First Serial Port)
AVA       Audio Visual Authoring [IBM]
AVC       Audio Visual Connection [IBM]
AVG       Average
AVI       Audio Visual Interleaved [Microsoft]
AWG       American Wire Gage
AWS       Advanced Workstations and Systems (group) [IBM]
AX        Architecture Extended + Automatic Transmission
BAK       Binary Adaption Kit [Microsoft]
.BAK      Backup (file name extension)
BAL       Basic Assembly Language
BAM       Boyan Action Module
BARTS     Bell Atlantic Regional Timesharing
.BAS      Basic Language (file name extension)
BASIC     Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BASM      Built-In Assembler
.BAT      Batch Processing (file name extension)
BBS       Bulletin Board System
BCC       Block Check Character
BCD       Binary Coded Decimal
BCL       Batch Command Language
BCP       Bulk Copy Program
BCPL      Basic Computer Programming Language
BCR       Byte Count Register
BDOS      Basic Disk Operating System
BE        Below or Equal
BEL       Bell
BELLCORE  Bell Communications Research
BERT      Bit Error Rate Test/Tester
BF        Bad Flag
B/F       Background/Foreground
BFT       Binary File Transfer
BGE       Branch if Greater or Equal
.BGI      Borland Graphic Interface (file name extension)
BGT       Branch if Greater Than
BHI       Branch if Higher
BHIS      Branch if Higher or Same
BI        Binary Input
.BIB      Bibliography (file name extension)
BiDi      Bidirectional
BIM       Beginning of Information Marker
.BIN      Binary (file name extension)
BINAC   * Binary Automatic Computer
BIOS      Basic Input/Output System
BIS       Business Information System
BiSYNC    (See BSYNC)
BIT       Binary Digit
BITNET    Because It’s Time Network
BIU       Bus Interface Unit
BIX       Byte Information Exchange (BBS)
.BK!      Backup (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
BKSP      Backspace
BL        Backlit
BLAST     Blocked Asynchronous Transmission (protocol)
          [Communications Research Group]
.BLD      BASIC Bload Graphics (file name extension)
BLE       Branch if Less or Equal
BLK       Block
BLMC      Buried Logic Macrocell
BLOB      Binary Large Object
BLOS      Branch if Lower Or Same
BMI       Branch if Minus
BMIC      BusMaster Interface Controller [Intel]
BMP       Batch Message Processing Program
.BMP      Bitmap Graphics (file name extension) [Windows] [OS/2]
BNE       Branch if Not Equal
BO        Binary Output
BoB       Break-out Box
BOM       Beginning Of Message
BOOTP     Bootstrap Protocol [Internet]
BORPQU    Borland Pro Quattro
BORQU     Borland Quattro
BOS       Basic Operating System
BOT       Beginning Of Table + Beginning of Tape
BP        Base Pointer
BPB       BIOS Parameter Block
BPI       Bits Per Inch
BPL       Branch if Plus
BPS       Bits Per Second + Bytes Per Second
BR        Bad Register
BRGC      Binary Reflected Gray Code
BRI       Basic Rate Interface + Brain Response Interface
BSAM      Basic Sequential Access Method
BSC       Binary Synchronous Communication
.BSC      Boyan Script (file name extension) [Boyan Communications]
BSCS      Bachelor of Science (Degree) in Computer Science
BSD       Berkely Standard Distribution
BSF       Bit Scan Forward
BSI       British Standards Institute
BSR       Bit Scan Reverse
BSV       BASIC Bsave Graphics (file name extension)
BSY       Busy
BSYNC     Binary Synchronous Communications (protocol)
BT        Bit Test
BTAM      Basic Telecommunications Access Method [IBM]
BTB       Branch Target Buffer
BTC       Bit Test and Complement
BTP       Batch Transfer Program
BTR       Bit Test and Reset
BTS       Bit Test and Set
BUF       Buffer
BWM       Block-Write Mode
B2X       Binary To Hexadecimal [REXX]
BYTE      Binary Element String
C         C Programming Language
.C        C source code (file name extension) [C]
CA        Collision  Avoidance
CAD       Computer Aided Design
CADD      Computer Aided Design and Drafting
CAE       Common Applications Environment +                      
          Computer Aided Engineering
CAG       Column Address Generator
CAI       Computer Aided Instruction
CAL       Calendar + Computer Aided Learning
CAM       Common Access Method + Computer Aided Manufacturing +
          Contents Addressable Memory
CAN       Cancel
CAP       Central Arbitration Point +
          Communication Application Platform +
          Computer Aided Publishing
CAPD      Computing To Assist Persons With Disabilities [Johns
          Hopkins University]
CAPS      Capitals (Upper Case Letters) +
          Cassette Programming System
CAS       Column Address Select +
          Communications Application Specification +
          Computer Aided Styling
CASE      Computer Aided Software Engineering
CASL      Crosstalk Application Scripting Language [DCA]
CASS      Computer Assisted Search Service
CASSIS    Classified and Search Support Information System
CAT       Computer Aided Testing + Computer Aided Tomography +
          Computer Aided Transcription + Concatenate
.CAT      Catalog (file name extension)
CATS      Computer Assisted Training System
CATV      Community Antenna Television
CAV       Constant Angular Velocity
CBCR      Channel Byte Count Register
CBEMA     Computer and Business Equipment
          Manufacturers Association
CBL       Computer Based Learning
.CBL      COBOL source code (file name extension)
CBT       Computer Based Training
CBW       Convert Byte to Word
CBX       Computer-Controlled Branch Exchange
CC        Cluster Controller
CCD       Charged-Coupled Device
CCFT      Cold Cathode Fluorescent Tube
CCITT     Consultative Committee for International
          Telegraph and Telephone
CCP       Console Command Processor
CCS       Common Communications Support +
          Continuous Composite Servo
CD        Carrier Detect + Change Directory +                    
          Collision Detection + Color Display + Compact Disk
C/D       Control Data
C2D       Character To Decimal [REXX]
CDA       Compound Document Architecture [DEC]
CDC       Control Data Corporation
CD_CHRDY  Card Channel Ready [IBM]
CDDI      Copper Distributed Data Interface
CDE       Complex Data Entry
.CDF      Comma Delimited Format (file name extension)
CD-I      Compact Disk – Interactive
CD-MO     Compact Disk – Magneto Optical
CDOS      Concurrent Disk Operating System
CDL       Computer Design Language
CDMA      Code Division Multiple Access
CDPD      Cellular Digital Packet Data
CD-RDx    Compact Disk – Read Only Memory Data Exchange Standard
CD-ROM    Compact Disk – Read Only Memory
CDR       Call Detail Record + Call Detail Recording
CD-R      Compact Disk – Recordable
CDRL      Contract Data Requirements List
CD-RTOS   Compact Disk – Real Time Operating System
CDS       Current Directory Structure
CD-V      Compact Disk – Video
CD-WO     Compact Disk – Write Once
.CDX      Compound Index (file name extension) [Fox Pro]
CD-XA     Compact Disk – Extended Architecture
CE        Cache Enable + Chip Enable + Collision Elimination +   
          Convert Enable
CEG       Continuous Edge Graphics
CEI       Conducted Electromagnetic Interference
CERT      Computer Emergency Response Team
.CFG      Configuration (file name extension)
CFV       Call For Votes [Bitnet]
CGA       Color Graphics Adapter
CGI       Computer Generated Images +
          Computer Graphics Interface
.CGM      Computer Graphics Metafile (file name extension) +
          Graph (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
CHAP      Challenge Authentication Protocol (protocol)
CHAR      Character
CHCK      Channel Check
CHCP      Change Code Page [OS/2]
CHGRP     Change Group
.CHK      CHKDSK (file name extension)
CHKDSK    Check Disk
CHMOD     Change Mode
CHOWN     Change Owner
CHP       Chapter
CHR       Character
CICS/VS   Customer Information Control System/
          Virtual Storage [IBM]
CID       Configuration/Installation/Distribution
CIM       CompuServe Information Manager +
          Computer Integrated Manufacturing
CIOCS     Communication Input/Output Control System
CIP       Command Interface Port
CIRC      Circular Reference
CIS       CompuServe Information Service +
          Computer Information Systems
CISC      Complex Instruction Set Computing
CIX       Commercial Internet Exchange +
          Compulink Information Exchange
CKD       Count Key Data (device)
CLAR      Channel Local Address Register
CLASS     Cooperative Library Agency for Systems
          and Services
CLC       Clear Carry Flag
CLD       Clear Direction Flag
CLI       Call-Level Interface + Clear Interrupt Flag +
          Command Line Interface
CLIST     Command List
CLK       Clock
CLNP      Connectionless Network Protocol
.CLP      Clipboard (file name extension) [Windows]
CLS       Clear Screen
CLTS      Clear Task Switch Flag
CLV       Constant Linear Velocity
CM        Centimeter + Control Mark + Corrective Maintenance
CMA       Concert Multi-thread Architecture
CMC       Communication Mangement Configuration +                
          Complement Carry Flag
.CMD      Command (file name extension)
CMIP      Common Management Information Protocol
CMIS      Common Management Information System
CML       Current Mode Logic
CMMU      Cache/Memory Management Unit [Motorola]
CMOS      Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CMP       Compare + Computer
CMPS      Compare word String     
CMS       Code Management System + Compiler Monitor System +
          Conversation Monitor System
CMY       Cyan-Magenta-Yellow (color model)
CMYK      Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black (color model)
CNC       Computerized Numerical Control
.CNF      Configuration (file name extension)
CNG       Calling (tone)
CNSS      Core Nodal Switching Subsystem [Internet]
CNV       Conventional (pertaining to Memory)
CNVT      Convert
CO        Central Office + Command Output + Convert Out
.COB      COBAL source code (file name extension)
COBOL     Common Business-oriented Language (See HLL)
.COD      Code List (file name extension)
CODASYL * Conference on Data System Languages (Group that
          designed COBOL)
CODEC     Compression/Decompression
COEM      Commercial Original Equipment Manufacturer
COGO      Coordinate Geometry (Programming Language)
COL       Collision + Computer Oriented Language
COM       Commercial (organization Domain name) [Internet]
.COM      Command (file name extension) +
COM1      First serial Port (asynchronous port)
COM2      Second serial Port
COM3      Third serial Port
COM4      Fourth serial Port
COMDEX    Computer Dealers Exposition
COMP      Compare + Communications
COMSAT    Communications Satellite Corporation
CON       Console (includes Keyboard and Screen)
CONFIG    Configuration
CONTONE   Continuous Tone
CORBA     Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CoREN     Corporation for Research and Enterprise Network
COS       Compatible Operating System
COSE      Common Open Software Environment
COSMOS    Computer System for Mainframe Operations
CP        Copy Protected
CPA       Certified Public Accountant
CPCS      Check Processing Control System [IBM]
CPE       Central Processing Element +
          Customer Premise Equipment +
          Customer Provided Equipment
CPG       Clock Pulse Generator
CPI       Characters Per Inch + Clock Per Instruction +
          Common Programming Interface [IBM]
.CPI      Code Page Information (file name extension) [MS-DOS]
CPI-C     Common Programming Interface for Communications [IBM]
CPL       Current Privilege Level
CP/M      Control Program for Microcomputers
CPS       Characters Per Second + Cycles Per Second
CPT       Command Pass Through
CPU       Central Processing Unit
CR        Carriage Return
CRC       Cyclic Redundancy Check
.CRD      Cardfile (file name extension)
CREN      Computer Research Education Network +
          Corporation for Research and Educational Networking
CRF       Cross Reference File
CR/LF     Carriage Return/Line Feed
CROM      Control Read Only Memory
CRT       Cathode Ray Tube
CRTC      CRT Controller
CS        Chip Select + Clear to Send + Code Segment
C/S       Client/Server
CSAR      Channel System Address Register
CSD       Corrective Service Diskette [IBM]
CSG       Constructive Solid Geometry +
          Consulting Services Group [Lotus]
CSL       Computer Sensitive Language
CSMA/CD   Carrier Sense Multiple Access/with Collision Detection
CSNET     Computer Science Network
CSS     * Continuous System Simulator (Language)
CSP       Commercial Subroutine Package +
          CompuCom Speed Protocol [CompuCom]
CSTA      Computer-Supported Telephony Applications
CSU       Channel Service Unit
CSV       Comma-Separated Variables +
          Common Services Verbs (interface) [Microsoft]
C&T       Chips and Technologies
CTOS      Computerized Tomography Operating System
CTPA      Coax-to-Twisted-Pair Adapter
CTRL      Control
CTS       Clear To Send
CTSS    * Compatible Time Sharing System
CUA       Common User Access [IBM]
CUB       Cursor Backward
CUD       Cursor Down
CUE       Custom Updates and Extras (card) [Egghead Software]
CUF       Cursor Forward
CUI       Common User Interface [IBM]
CUP       Cursor Position
CUPID     Completely Universal Processor I/O Design [AST]
.CUR      Cursor (file name extension)
CUTE      Clarkston University Terminal Emulator
CUU       Cursor Up
CVF       Compressed Volume File
CVGA      Color Video Gaphics Array
CVIA      Computer Virus Industry Association
CVT       Convert
CVW       CodeView for Windows
CWD       Convert Word to Double Word +
          Change Working Directory [Internet]
CWIS      Campus Wide Information System [Internet]
C2X       Character To Hexadecimal [REXX]
CYL       Cylinder
CYMK      Cyan-Yellow-Magenta-Black (color model)
D/A       Digital to Analog
DAA       Data Access Arrangement +
          Decimal Adjust for Addition
DAC       Data Acquisition and Control +
          Digital to Analog Converter
DAL       Data Access Language [Apple Computer] +
          Disk Access Lockout
DAM       Data Acquisition and Monitoring
DAP       Data Access Protocol [DEC]
DARI      Database Application Remote Interface [IBM]
DAS       Decimal Adjust for Subtraction
DASD      Direct Access Storage Device
DAT       Digital Audio Tape + Disk Array Technology
.DAT      Data (file name extension)
DATACOM   Data Communications
dB        Decibel
DB        Data Base + Data Buffer
dBA       Adjusted Decibel
DBCS      Double-Byte Character Set
.DBF      Database (file name extension)
DBM       Data Base Manager
DBMS      Data Base Management System
DBS       Data Base Server
DB2       Database 2
DC        Data Collection + Data Communication + Data Control + 
          Device Control + Direct Current
D2C       Decimal To Character [REXX]
DCA       Digital Communications Associates +
          Document Content Architecture
DCAF      Distributed Console Access Facility [IBM]
DCB       Disk Coprocessor Board [Novell]
DCC       Digital Compact Cassette + Display Combination Code
DCD       Data Carrier Detect
DCE       Data Communications Equipment +
          Distributed Computing Environment [OSF] +
          Distributed Computing Equipment
DCF       Data Communication Facility [IBM] +
          Data Compression Facility +
          Data Count Field [IBM] +
          Driver Configuration File [Lotus]
DCL       Declaration + DEC Command Language [DEC] +
          Device Clear + Digital Control Logic +
          Digital Command Language [Digital]
DCS       Data Collection System + Data Control System +
          Desktop Color Separation
DCT       Discrete Cosine Transform
.DCT      Dictionary (file name extension)
DD        Day + Digital Display + Double Density
DDA       Domain-Defined Attribute
DDB       Device Dependent Bitmap
DDCMP     Digital Data Communications Message Protocol [DEC]
DDCS      Distributed Database Connection Services [IBM]
DDD       Direct Distance Dialing
DDE       Direct Data Entry + Dynamic Data Exchange [Microsoft]
DDEML     Dynamic Data Exchange Manager Library [Microsoft]
DDK       Device Driver Kit [Microsoft Windows]
DDL       Data Definition Language + Data Description Language
DDM       Distributed Data Management
DDN       Defense Data Network
DDS       Dataphone Digital Service [AT&T] +
          Design Data Sheet + Digital Data Storage
DEC       Decrement + Device Clear +
          Digital Equipment Corporation
DEF       Desktop Functional Equivalent [Compaq]
.DEF      Definitions + Defaults (file name extensions)
DEL       Delete
DELSTR    Delete String [REXX]
.DEM      Demonstration (file name extension)
DES       Data Encryption Standard + Data Entry Sheet
.DES      Description (file name extension)
DET       Device Execute Trigger
DEV       Device
DF        Data Field + Destination Field + Device Flag +
          Double Flag
DFC       Data Flow Control
DFS       Distributed File System
DFT       Diagnostic Funtion Test + Discrete Fourier Transform +
          Distributed Function Terminal
DFU       Data File Utility
DGIS      Direct Graphics Interface Standard
.DHP      Dr. Halo PIC (file name extension)
DI        Data In + Destination Index
DIA       Document Interchange Architecture [IBM]
DIB       Device Independent Bitmap
DIBOL     DEC Business Oriented Language
.DIC      Dictionary (file name extension)
DID       Direct Inward Dialing
DIF       Data Interchange Format
DIFFSENS  Differential Sense
DIIP      Direct Interrupt Identification Port
DIN       Deutsche Industrie Norm (German equivalent of EIA)
DIO       Data Input-Output
DIP       Digital Imaging Processing +
          Dual In-line Package + Dual In-line Pin
DIR       Directory (file)
DIS       Dynamic Impedance Stabilization [CompuCom]
DISP      Displacement (offset)
DIV       Divide
DIW       D-Inside Wire [AT&T]
DL        Download
DL/1      Data Manipulation Language 1 [IBM]
DLC       Data Link Control (protocol) [IBM]
DLE       Data Link Escape
DLL       Dynamic Link Library
DLM       Dynamic Link Module
DLR       DOS LAN Requester
DM        Distributed Memory
DMA       Direct Memory Access/Addressing
DMAC      DMA Controller
DME       Distributed Management Environment
DMI       Desktop Mangement Interface
DML       Data Manipulation Language
DMM       Digital Multimeter
DMMS      Dynamic Memory Management System
DMOS      Double-diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
DMP       Dot Matrix Printer
DMPC      Distributed Memory Parallel Computer
DMQS      Display Mode Query and Set [IBM]
DMS       Data Management Software + Data Management System
DMSD      Digital Multistandard Decoding
DMTF      Desktop Management Task Force
DMY       Day Month Year
DN        Down
DNC       Direct Numerical Control
DNIS      Dialed Number Identification Service
DNS       Domain Naming System
DO        Data Out
.DOC      Document + Documentation (file name extensions)
DOE       Distributed Objects Everywhere
DOS       Disk Operating System
DOSEM     DOS Emulation
DOW       Day Of Week
DP        Data Processing
DPA       Demand Protocol Architecture [3Com]
DPAREN    Data Parity Enable [IBM]
DPB       Drive Parameter Block
DPC       Direct Program Control
DPI       Dots Per Inch
DPL       Descriptor Privilege Level
DPM       Digital Panel Meter
DPMA      Data Processing Management Association
DPMI      DOS Protected Mode Interface [Microsoft]
DPO       Data Phase Optimization
DPSK      Differential Phase Shift Keying
DPtoTP    Display Coordinates to Tablet Coordinates
          (converting)
DQL       DataEase Query Language [DataEase International]
DR        Data Received
D/R       Direct or Reverse
DRAM      Dynamic Random Access Memory
DRAW      Direct Read After Write
DRDA      Distributed Relational Database Architecture [IBM]
DRDW      Direct Read During Write
DRI       Digital Research Incorporated
DRO       Data Request Output + Destructive Read-Out
.DRS      WordPerfect Driver Resource (file name extension)
DRV       Drive
.DRV      Device Driver (file name extension) (Also see .DVR)
.DRW      Draw + Drawing (file name extensions)
DS        Data Segment + Data Send + Data Server + Double Sided
DSDD      Double Sided, Double Density (diskette)
DSE       Data Storage Equipment
DSEA      Display Station Emulation Adapter
DSECT     Dummy Control Section
DSHD      Double Sided, High Density (diskette)
DSIS      Distributed Support Information Standard
DSL       Dynamic Simulation Language
DSOM      Distributed System Object Model
DSP       Digital Signal Processing +
          Digital Signal Processor
DSQD      Double Sided, Quad Density (diskette)
DSR       Data Set Ready + Device Status Register +
          Device Status Report
DSS       Decision Support System
DSTN      Double Supertwisted Nematic
DSU       Data Service Unit + Digital Service Unit
DSW       Data Status Word + Device Status Word
D2T2      Dye Diffusion Thermal Transfer (printing)
DTA       Disk Transfer Area
.DTA      Data (file name extension)
DTD       Document Type Definition
DTE       Data Terminal Equipment + Dumb Terminal Emulator
DTL       Diode-Transistor Logic
DTMF      Data Tone Multiple Frequency + Dual Tone Multifrequency
DTP       Desktop Publishing
DTR       Data Terminal Ready + Data Transfer Rate
DTV       Desktop Video
DTVC      Desktop Video Conferencing
DU        Disk Usage
DUAT      Direct User Access Terminal
.DV       DESQview Script (file name extension)
DVI       Digital Video Interactive
.DVR      Device Driver (file name extension) (Also see .DRV)
DWG       Drawing
D2X       Decimal To Hexadecimal [REXX]
.DXB      Drawing Interchange Binary (file name extension)
          [AutoCAD]
DXC       Data Exchange Control
DXF       Drawing Exchange Format
EA        Extended Attribute [OS/2]
EARN      European Academic Research Network
EAROM     Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory
EARS      Electronic Access to Reference Services
EATA      Enhanced AT Bus Attachment
EBC       EISA Bus Controller
EBCDIC    Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code [IBM]   
EBI       Equivalent Background Input +                         
          Extended Background Investigation
EBT       Electronic Benefits Transfer
ECAL      Enjoy Computing And Learn
ECC       Error Check Code + Error Checking and Correction +
          Error Correction Code
ECD       Enhanced Color Display
ECL       Emitter Coupled Logic
ECMA      European Computer Manufacturers Association
ECP       Enhanced Capabilities Port [Microsoft]
ECTL      Electronic Communal Temporal Lobe
ED        Erase Display
EDA       Embedded Document Architecture [Go Corporation]
EDC       Enhanced Data Correction +
          Error Detection and Correction
EDDC      Extended Distance Data Cable
EDI       Electronic Data Interchange +
          Electronic Document Interchange [DEC]
EDIFACT   EDI for Administration Commerce and Transport
EDLC      Ethernet Data Link Control
EDLIN     Editor (Line Text)
EDOS      Enhanced DOS for Windows
EDP       Electronic Data Processing
EDPM      Electronic Data Processing Machine
EDSAC   * Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer
EDSI      Enhanced Small Device Interface
EDU       Education (organization Domain name) [Internet]
EDVAC   * Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
          (First stored-program digital computer)
EEC       Extended Error Correction
EEG       Electroencephalogram
EEM       Extended Memory Management
EEMS      Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification
EEPROM    Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EFA       Extended File Attribute
EFF       Electronic Frontier Foundation
EFI       Electromechanical Frequency Interference +
          Electronics For Imaging
EFL       Emitter Follower Logic
EFTS      Electronic Funds Transfer System
EGA       Enhanced Graphics Adapter
EHLLAPI   Emulator High Level Language Application
          Programming Interface [IBM]
EIA       Electronic Industries Association
EIS       Executive Information System
EISA      Extended Industry Standard Architecture
EL        Electroluminescent (display) + Erase Line
ELF       Extremely Low Frequency
ELS       Entry Level System
EM        Electronic Mail + Expanded Memory
EMA       Electronic Mail Association +
          Enterprise Management Architecture
E-MAIL    Electronic Mail
EMB       Extended Memory Block [LIM/AST]
EMBARC    Electronic Mail Broadcast to a Roaming Computer [Motorola]
EMC       Electromagnetic Compatibility + Extended Math Coprocessor
EMI       Electromagnetic Interference
.EML      Electronic Mail (file name extension)
EMM       Expanded Memory Manager
EMR       Electro-Magnetic Radiation
EMS       Electronic Mail System + Electronic Message Service +
          Expanded Memory Specification [LIM]
.ENC      Encoded (file name extension)
ENDS      Ends Segment
ENIAC   * Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and
          Computer (First fully electronic digital computer)
ENQ       Enquiry
ENSS      Exterior Nodal Switching Subsystem [Internet]
EOA       End of Address
EOB       End of Block
EOC       End of Conversion
EOF       End of File
EOI       End or Identify
EOJ       End of Job
EOL       End of Line + End of List
EOM       End of Message
EOR       Exclusive OR (Also XOR)
EOS       End of String
EOT       End Of Table + End of Tape (marker) + End of Text +
          End of Transmission
EPL       Effective Privilege Level
EPLD      Electrically Programmable Logic Device
EPM       Enhanced Editor for Presentation Manager [IBM] +
          Enterprise Process Management [IBM]
EPP       Enhanced Parallel Port
EPROM     Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory +
          Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
.EPS      Encapsulated PostScript (file name extension)
EPSF      Encapsulated PostScript Files
ERAS      Electronic Routing and Approval System [Hughes Aircraft]
ERLL      Enhanced Run Length Limited
EROM      Erasable Read Only Memory
ERR       Error
ES        Extra Segment
ESA       European Space Agency
ESC       Escape
ESCM      Extended Services Communications Manager [IBM]
ESCON     Enterprise System Connection (Architecture) [IBM]
ESD       Electronic Software Distribution +
          Electrostatic Discharge
ESDI      Enhanced Small Device Interface
ESI       Enhanced Serial Interface (specification) [Hayes]
ESP       Emulation Sensing Processor +
          Enhanced Serial Port [Hayes]
ESS       Electronic Switching System
ESU       Electro-Static Unit
ETANN     Electrically Trainable Analog Neural
          Network (chip) [Intel]
ETB       End of Transmission Block
ETC       Enhanced Throughput Cellular [AT&T]
ETPL      Endorsed Tempest Products List
ETS       Econometric Time Series
ETX       End of Text
EU        Execution Unit
EVE       Extensible VAX Editor
EVGA      Extended Video Graphics Array +
          Extended Video Graphics Adapter
EWS       Employee Written Software [IBM]
.EXE      Executable (file name extension)
EXE2BIN   Program used to convert an (.EXE) file to binary
          format (.COM) file
EXP       Exponent
EXT       External
EXTRN     External Reference
FAB       Computer-Chip Fabrication Plant
FAC       File Access Code
FAMOS     Floating Gate Avalanche MOS
FAP       File Access Protocol
FAPI      Family Application Program Interface
FAQ       Frequently Asked Question
FAT       File Allocation Table
FAX       Facsimile
.FAX      Fax (file name extension)
FCB       File Control Block
FCC       Federal Communications Commission
FCI       Flux Changes per Inch
FD        Floppy Disk + Floppy Drive + Full Duplex
FDC       Floppy Disk Controller
FDDI      Fiber Digital Device Interface +
          Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDISK     Fixed Disk
FDM       Frequency-Division Multiplexing
FDX       Full Duplex
FEFO      First-Ended, First-Out
FEP       Front End Processor
FESDK     Far East Software Development Kit [Microsoft]
FET       Field Effect Transistor
FF        Flip-Flop + Form Feed
FFST      First Failure Support Technology [IBM]
FFT       Fast Fourier Transform
FIF       Fractal Image Format
FIFO      First-In, First-Out
FILO      First-In, Last-Out
FIP       File Processor Buffering
FIR       Finite Impulse Response
FLC       Ferro-electric Liquid Crystal
FLD       Field
FLL       FoxPro Link Library [Microsoft Fox Pro]
FLOPS     Floating Point Operations Per Second
FMS       Forms Management System
FMT       Format
FNT       Font
FOCUS     Forum of Control Data Users
FOG       First Osborne Group
FOIRL     Fiber Optic Inter Repeater Link [IEEE]
.FON      Font + Phone + Phone Directory (all file name
          extensions)
.FOR      FORTRAN source code (file name extension)
FORTH     (Programming Language)(See HLL)
FORTRAN   Formula Translator (Programming Language)(See HLL)
FOSE      Federal Office Systems Exposition
FOSSIL    Fido/Opus/Seadog Standard Interface Layer
FPGA      Field Programmable Gate-Array
FPLA      Field Programmable Logic-Array
FPP       Fixed Path Protocol + Floating Point Processor
FPS       Frames Per Second
FPU       Floating Point Unit
FQDN      Fully Qualified Domain Name [Internet]
FRAG      Fragment + Fragmentation
FRAM      Ferroelectric Random-Access Memory
FRED      Frame Editor
FRPI      Flux Reversals Per Inch
.FRS      WordPerfect Graphics Driver (file name extension)
FS        File Separator
FSD       File System Driver [OS/2]
FSK       Frequency Shift Keying
F/T       Full Time
FTAM      File Transfer, Access and Management +
          File Transfer and Access Method
FTM       Flat Tension Mask [Zenith]
FTP       File Transfer Protocol [Internet]
FTS       Federal Telecommunication System
FUI       File Update Information
FUNC      Function
FVT       Full Video Translation
FYI       For Your Information
GA        General Availability
GAAP      Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GAL       Generic Array Logic
GAPI      Gateway Application Programming Interface
Gb        Gigabit (1,000 megabits) +
          (One Billion Bits of Information)
GB        Gigabyte (1,000 megabytes) +
          (One Billion Characters of Information)
GCR       Group Code Recording
GDA       Global Data Area
GDDM      Graphics Data Display Manager
GDI       Graphics Device Interface
GDT       Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing +
          Global Descriptor Table
GEIS      General Electric Information Service (company)
GEM       Graphics Environment Manager (DRI Program)
GENIE     General Electric Network for
          Information Exchange
GEOS      Graphic Environment Operating System [Geoworks]
GET       Get Execute Trigger
GHZ       Gigahertz
.GIF      Graphic Interchange Format (file name extension)
GIGO      Garbage In, Garbage Out
GIS       Geographic Information System
GIX       Global Internet Exchange [Internet]
GKS       Graphical Kernal System
G/L       General Ledger
GLM       General Linear Models
.GLY      Glossary (file name extension) [Microsoft Word]
GMS       Global Messaging Service [Novell]
GMT       Greenwich Mean Time
GND       System Ground
GNU       Gnu’s Not Unix (operating system)
GOSIP     Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
GOV       Government (organization Domain name) [Internet]
GP        Gas Plasma + General Purpose
GPF       General Protection Fault
GPI       Graphics Programming Interface
GPIB      General Purpose Interface Bus
GPS       Global Positioning System
GPSS    * General Purpose Systems Simulator (language)
GRE       Graphics Engine
.GRF      Graph (file name extension)
.GRP      Group (file name extension)
GS        Group Separator
GUI       Graphical User Interface
GW-BASIC  Gee Whiz BASIC
.H        Header (file name extension) [C]
HACMP     High Availability Cluster Multi-Processing [IBM]
HAL       Hard Array Logic + House Programmed Array Logic
HAL     * Heuristically Programmed Algorithmic (computer)
          [from 1968 movie "2001: A Space Odyssey"]
HASP      Houston Automatic Spooling Priority (System)
HBA       Host Bus Adapter
HD        Hard Disk + High Density
HDA       Head Disk Assembly
HDCD      High Definition Compatible Digital
HDI       Head to Disk Interference
HDLC      High-Level Data Link Control
HDR       Header
HDSC      High Density Signal Carrier [DEC]
HDSL      High-rate Digital Subscriber Link
HDTV      High Definition Television
HDW       Hardware
HDX       Half Duplex
HERC      Hercules
HEX       Hexadecimal
HGA       Hercules Graphics Adapter
HGCP      Hercules Graphics Card Plus
HH        Hour
HIFD      High-Density Floppy Disk
HIL       Human Interface Link [HP]
HLCO      High Low Close Open
HLL       High Level Language
HLLAPI    High Level Language Application Programming Interface
.HLP      Help (file name extension)
HLQ       High Level Qualifier
HLS       Hue, Luminance, Saturation (color model)
HLT       Halt
HMA       High Memory Area [Microsoft] +
          Hub Management Architecture
HMOS      High Density Metal Oxide Semiconductor +
          High Speed Metal Oxide Semiconductor
HP        Hewlett-Packard (Company)
HPCC      High Performance Computing and Communications
HPDJ      Hewlett-Packard Desk Jet
HPFS      High-Performance File System
HPG       Hewlett-Packard Graphics
HPGL      Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language
HPIB      Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus
HPLJ      Hewlett-Packard Laser Jet
HPPA      Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture
HPPI      High Performance Parallel Interface
HPW       High Performance Workstation [Sun]
HRIS      Human Resource Information System
HRG       High Resolution Graphics
HRMS      Human Resource Management System
HS        High Speed
HSC       High Speed Channel
HSM       Hierarchical Storage Management
HSP       High Speed Printer
HSSI      High Speed Serial Interface
HST       High Speed Technology [U.S. Robotics]
.HST      History + Host (file name extensions)
HSV       Hue Saturation Value
HUT       Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope
H/V       Horizontal/Vertical
HVP       Horizontal & Vertical Position
H/W       Hardware
HWCP      Hardware Code Page
HWD       Height-Width-Depth
.HYP      Hyphenation (file name extension)
Hz        Hertz
IAB       Internet Activities Board [Internet]
IAC       Interapplication Communication
IAL     * International Algebraic Language
          (ALGOL was first called IAL)
IANA      Internet Assigned Numbers Authority [Internet]
IAT       Import Address Table
IBC       Instrument Bus Computer
IBM       International Business Machines (Corporation)
IBM-GL    IBM Graphics Language
IC        Input Circuit + Integrated Circuit + Interrupt Controller
ICA       Intra-application Communications Area
ICAS      Intel Communicating Applications Specifications
ICCP      Institute for the Certification of Computer Professionals
ICE       In-Circuit Emulator [Intel]
ICL       Interface Clear
ICMP      Internet Control Message Protocol [Novell]
.ICO      Icon (file name extension)
iCOMP     Intel Comparative Microprocessor (index) [Intel]
ICP       Integrated Channel Processor
ICR       Intelligent Character Recognition
ICS       Intuitive Command Structure
ID        Identification + Identifier
IDA       Integrated Digital Access + Intelligent Disk Array +
          Intelligent Drive Array
IDAPI     Integrated Database Application Programming Interface
IDE       Imbedded Drive Electronics +
          Integrated Development Environment [Borlund] +
          Integrated Drive Electronics +
          Intelligent Drive Electronics +
          Interactive Design and Engineering +
          Interface Design Enhancement
IDF       Intermediate Distribution Frame
IDIV      Integer Divide
IDMS      Integrated Data Base Management System
IDP       Integrated Data Processing
IDT       Interrupt Descriptor Table
.IDX      Index (file name extension)
IEEE      Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEF       Information Engineering Facility
IEMSI     Interactive Electronic Mail Standard
          Identification
IETF      Internet Engineering Task Force
I/F       Interface
IFD       Image File Directory
IFG       Incoming Fax Gateway
IFS       Installable File System [OS/2]
IGA       Integrated Graphics Array
IGC       Integrated Graphics Controller
IIF       Immediate IF
IIR       Immediate Impulse Response
IMDS      Image Data Stream (format) [IBM]
IMG       Image
IMP       Interface Message Processor
IMPA      Intelligent Multi-Port Adapter [DCA]
IMS       Information Management System +
          Intermediate Maintenance Standards
IMTV      Interactive Multimedia Television
IMUL      Integer Multiply
IN        Input
INC       Increment
.INF      Information (file name extension)
.INI      Initialize (file name extension)
INIT      Initialize
INM       Integrated Network Management
INS       Input String
INT       Integer + Internal + Interrupt +
          International (organization Domain name) [Internet]
INTA      Interrupt Acknowledge
InterNIC  Internet Network Information Center [Internet]
INTO      Interrupt if Overflow occurs
I/O       Input/Output
IOCS      Input/Output Control System
IOCTL     Input/Output Control
IOPL      Input/Output Priviledge Level
IOSGA     Input/Output Support Gate Array
IP        Instruction Pointer + Internet Protocol
IPC       Instructions Per Clock + Interprocess Communication
IPDS      Intelligent Printer Data Stream [IBM]
IPF       Information Presentation Facility
IPL       Initial Program Load/Loader +
          Ion Projection Lithography
IPL     * Information Programming Language
IPM       Interpersonal Message
IPSE      Integrated Project Support Environment
IPX       Internetwork Packet Exchange [Novell]
IQL       Interactive Query Language
IRC       Internet Relay Chat [Internet]
IRDS      Information Resource Dictionary System
IRET      Interrupt Return
IRL       Interactive Reader Language + Inter-Repeater Link
IRLED     Infrared Light Emitting Diode
IRM       Information Resource Management
IRQ       Interrupt Request
IRX       Information Retrieval Experiment
IS        Information System + Interrupt Status
ISA       Industry Standard Architecture
ISAM      Indexed Sequential-Access Management/Method
ISBN      International Standard Book Number
ISC       Instruction Set Computer
ISD       Image Section Descriptor +
          Instructional Systems Design
ISDN      Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI       Internally Specified Index
ISIS      Integrated Systems and Information Services
ISL       Interactive System Language
ISMF      Interactive Storage Management Facility
ISO/OSI   International Standards Organization/Open Systems
          Interconnection (model)
ISP       Internet Service Provider [Internet] +
          Interrupt Stack Pointer + Interrupt Status Port
ISPF      Interactive System Programming Facility
ISR       Information Storage and Retrieval +                   
          Interrupt Service Routine
ISSN      International Standard Serial Number
ISV       Independent Software Vendor
ITB       Information Technology Branch + Intermediate Text Block
ITC       International Typeface Corporation
ITU       International Telecommunication Union
ITUG      International Telecommunications User Group
ITV       Interactive Television
ITX       Intermediate Text Block
IVIS      Interactive Video Information System
IVR       Interactive Voice Response
IVS       Interactive Videodisk System
IVT       Interrupt Vector Table
IV&V      Independent Verification & Validation
JA        Jump Address + Jump if Above
JAD       Joint Application Design
JAE       Jump if Above or Equal
JANET     Joint Academic Network
JBE       Jump if Below or Equal
JC        Jump if Carry set
JCL       Job Control Language
JE        Jump if Equal
JEDEC     Joint Electronic Devices Engineering Council
JEIDA     Japanese Electronics Industry Development Association
JES       Job Entry System
JFET      Junction Field Effect Transistor
JG        Jump if Greater
JGE       Jump if Greater or Equal
JL        Jump if Less
JLE       Jump if Less than or Equal to
JMP       Jump
JNA       Jump if Not Above
JNAE      Jump if Not Above or Equal
JNB       Jump if Not Below
JNBE      Jump if Not Below or Equal
JNG       Jump if Not Greater
JNGE      Jump if Not Greater or Equal
.JNK      Junk (file name extension)
JNLE      Jump if Not Less or Equal
JNO       Jump if No Overflow
JNP       Jump if No Parity
JNS       Jump if No Sign
JPE       Jump if Parity Even
JPEG      Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPL       Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JPO       Jump if Parity Odd
JS        Jump if Sign
JZ        Jump if Zero
JNZ       Jump if Not Zero
KB        Keyboard + Kilobyte (1,024 bytes)
KBD       Keyboard (also KEYB)
KBD$      Keyboard [OS/2]
Kbit      Kilobit
KBPS      Kilobytes Per Second
KDT       Key Definition Table
KEYBBE    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Belgium
KEYBBR    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Brazil
KEYBCF    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Canadian-French
KEYBCZ    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Czechoslovakia
(Czech)
KEYBDF    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Denmark
KEYBFR    Foreign language KEYBoard program – France
KEYBGR    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Germany
KEYBHU    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Hungary
KEYBIT    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Italy
KEYBLA    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Latin America
KEYBNL    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Netherlands
KEYBNO    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Norway
KEYBPL    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Poland
KEYBPO    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Portugal
KEYBSF    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Swiss-French
KEYBSG    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Swiss-German
KEYBSL    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Czechoslovakia
(Slovak)
KEYBSP    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Spain
KEYBSU    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Finland
KEYBSV    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Sweden
KEYBUK    Foreign language KEYBoard program – United Kingdom
KEYBUS    Foreign language KEYBoard program – United States
KEYBYU    Foreign language KEYBoard program – Yugoslavia
kHz       Kilohertz
KPI       Kernal Programming Interface
KSPH      Keystrokes Per Hour
KSR       Keyboard Send Receive
KRS       Knowledge Retrieval System
LADDR     Layered Device Driver Architecture [Microsoft]
LALL      Longest Allowed Lobe Length
LAN       Local Area Network
LAPB      Link Access Procedure Balanced (protocol)
LAPD      Link Access Procedure Direct (protocol)
LAPM      Link Access Procedure for Modems
LAR       Load Access Rights
LASTport  Local Area Storage Transport (protocol) [DEC]
LAT       Local Area Transport [DEC]
LAVC      Local Area VAX Cluster
LAWN      Local Area Wireless Network
LB        Left Button (of 2 or 3 button Mouse)
LBL       Label
LBR       Librarian
.LBR      Library (file name extension)
LBT       Listen Before Talk
LCC       Leadless Chip Carrier
LCD       Liquid Crystal Display
LCK       Library Construction Kit [Mircrosoft FoxPro]
LCP       Link Control Protocol (protocol)
LCU       Last Cluster Used
LDA       Logical Device Address
LDC       Lotus Development Corporation
LDM       Long Distance Modem
LDT       Local Descriptor Table
LE        Less or Equal
LEA       Load Effective Address
LED       Light Emitting Diode
LEM       Language Extension Module
LEN       Low Entry Networking
.LET      Letter (file name extension)
LEX       Lexicon
LF        Line Feed
LFI       Last File Indicator
LFU       Least Frequently Used
LGDT      Load Global Descriptor Table
.LIB      Library (file name extension)
LICS      Lotus International Character Set [LDC]
LIDT      Load Interrupt Descriptor Table
LIEP      Large Internet Exchange Packet [Novell]
LIF       Low Insertion Force
LIFO      Last In, First Out
LILO      Last In, Last Out
LIM       Lotus/Intel/Microsoft
LIMA      Lotus/Intel/Microsoft/AST
LIMS      Library Information Management System
LIPS      Logical Inferences Per Second
LISP      List Processing (Language)(See HLL)
LLC       Logical Link Control
LLDT      Load Local Descriptor Table
LMBCS     Lotus Multibyte Character Set [Lotus]
LMI       Local Management Interface
LMSW      Load Machine Status Word
LM/X      LAN Manager for Unix
LN        Logarithm (Natural)
LNDI      Lotus Notes:Document Imaging
LOC       Loop On-Line Control
LOCIS     Library of Congress Information System
LODSB     Load String Byte
LOG       Logarithm (Base 10)
LOGO      (Programming Language)(See HLL)
LOOPE     Loop while Equal
LOOPNE    Loop while Not Equal
LOOPNZ    Loop while Not Zero
LOOPZ     Loop while Zero
LORE      Line Oriented Editor
LPC       Local Procedure Call
LPD       Line Printer Daemon (protocol) [Berkley]
LPI       Lines Per Inch
LPL       Lotus Programming Language [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
LPM       Lines Per Minute
LPN       Logical Page Number
LPS       Low-Power Schottky
LPT       Line Printer
LPT1      First Parallel Printer Port
LPT2      Second Parallel Printer Port
LPT3      Third Parallel Printer Port
LQ        Letter Quality
LQM       Link Quality Monitoring (protocol)
LRC       Local Register Cache +
          Longitudinal Redundancy Check
LRL       Least Recently Loaded
.LRS      Language Resource (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
LRU       Least Recently Used
LSA       Line Sharing Adapter
LSAPI     License Services Application Program Interface [SPA]
LSB       Least Significant Bit
LSC       Least Significant Character
LSD       Least Significant Digit
LSI       Large Scale Integration
LSL       Load Segment Limit
LST       List
.LST      List (file name extension)
LTR       Left-To-Right + Letter + Load Task Register
LU        Logical Unit (Also LUN)
LUA       Logical Unit Application (interface)
LUI       Local User Input
LUT       Lookup Table
LZ        Lazy Write
LZW       Lempel-Ziv-Walsh (algorithm)
mA        Milliampere
MAC       Media/Medium Access Control
.MAC      MacPaint (file name extension) +
          Macro (file name extension)
MACH      Multilayer Actuator Head [Epson]
mAh       Milliampere-Hour
.MAI      Mail (file name extension)
MAN       Manual + Metropolitan Area Network
MAP       Maintenance Analysis Procedures +
          Manufacturing Automation Protocol +
          Memory Allocation Map
.MAP      Linker Map (file name extension)
MAPI      Mail/Messaging Applications Programming
          Interface [Microsoft]
MAPICS    Manufacturing, Accounting and Production
          Information Control System [IBM]
MASM      Macro Assembler [Microsoft]
MASS      Maximum Availability and Support
          Subsystem [Parallan]
MAU       Media Access Unit + Multistation Access Unit
MAVDM     Multiple Application VDM
MAX       Maximum
MB        Megabyte (1,000 kilobytes) +
          Middle Button (of 3 button Mouse)
MBASIC    Microsoft BASIC [Microsoft]
MBPS      Megabytes Per Second
MBR       Master Boot Record
MBX       Mailbox
MCA       Micro Channel Architecture [IBM]
MCB       Memory Control Block
MCGA      Multicolor Graphics Array
MCI       Media Control Interface [Microsoft]
MCL       Microsoft Compatibility Labs [Microsoft]
MCU       Multi-Chip Unit [DEC]
MD        Make Directory + Monochrome Display
MDA       Monochrome Display Adapter
.MDF      Menu Definition File (file name extension)
MDI       Multiple Document Interface
MDIC      Manchester Decoder and Interface Chip [AT&T]
MDK       Multimedia Developers Kit [Microsoft]
MDR       Minimum Design Requirement
MDY       Month Day Year
.ME       Opening Information (file name extension) (As in READ.ME)
MEB       Memory Expansion Board
MEG       Megabyte
.MEN      Menu (file name extension)
MESI      Modified Exclusive Shared and Invalid (protocol)
MFFS      Microsoft Flash File System [Microsoft]
MFLOPS    Million Floating Point Operations Per Second
MFM       Modified Frequency Modulation
MFP       Multifunction Peripheral
MFS       Magnetic Tape Field Search +
          Modified Filing System [Revelation Technologies]
MFT       Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks
MGA       Monochrome Graphics Adapter
MGE       Modular GIS Environment
MGR       Manager
MHS       Message Handling Service + Message Handling System
MHz       Megahertz
MIB       Management Information Base
MICS      Macro Interpretive Commands
MIDI      Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIF       Management Information Format
MII       Microsoft/IBM/Intel
MIL       Machine Interface Layer [Go Corporation] +
          Military (organization Domain name) [Internet]
MIM       Metal-Insulator-Metal (screen)
MIMD      Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Stream (processor)
MIME      Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension [Internet]
MIN       Minimum
MIPS      Million Instructions Per Second
MIS       Management Information System
MISC      Miscellaneous
MIX       Member Information Exchange
MKDIR     Make Directory
ML        Machine Language
MM        Minutes + Month
MMA       Microcomputer Managers Association
MMC       Matched Memory Cycle + Microcomputer Marketing Council
MMIS      Materials Manager Information System
MMPM      Multi Media Presentation Manager
MMU       Memory Management Unit
MNOS      Metal Nitride Oxide Semiconductor
MNP       Microcom Networking Protocol [Microcom]
.MNU      Menu (fine name extension)
MO        Magneto-Optical (disk drive)
MODEM     Modulator Demodulator
MOHLL     Machine Oriented High Level Language
MOV       Metal Oxide Varistor + Move
MOVS      Move String
MOD       Modem + Modulus
MOP       Maintenance Operations Protocol
MOS       Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MOSFET    Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MOV       Move
MOVS      Move String
MP        Multiple Processors
MPC       Multimedia Personal Computer
MPCS      Mission Planning and Control Station (Software)
MPEG      Moving Picture Experts Group
MPP       Massively Parallel Processing +
          Message Processing Program
MPR       Multipart Repeater
MPU       Microprocessor Unit
MR        Modem Ready
MRCF      Microsoft Realtime Compression Format
MRCI      Microsoft Realtime Compression Interface
MRI       Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRO       Multi-Region Operation
MRP       Materials Requirement Planning
MRPL      Main Ring Path Length
MRT       Mean Repair Time
MS        Memory System + Message Store + Microsecond +
          Microsoft Corporation + Millisecond
MSACM     Mircrosoft Audio Compression Manager [Microsoft]
MSAV      Microsoft Anti Virus
MSB       Most Significant Bit
MSCDEX    Microsoft CD Extensions [Microsoft]
MSD       Mass Storage Device + Most Significant Digit
MS-DOS    Microsoft – Disk Operating System [Microsoft]
MSDR      Multiplexed Streaming Data Request
MSDS      Microsoft Developer Support [Microsoft]
MSG       Message
.MSG      Program Message (file name extension)
MSI       Medium Scale Integration
MSL       Map Specification Library
.MSP      Microsoft Paint (file name extension) [Microsoft]
MSW       Machine Status Word
MTA       Message Transfer Agent + Multiple Terminal Access
MTBB      Mean Time Between Breakdowns
MTBF      Mean Time Between Failures
MTBJ      Mean Time Between Jams
MTF       Microsoft Tape Format [Microsoft] +
          Modulation Transfer Function
MTS       Message Transfer Service/System +
          Multichannel Television Sound
MTTF      Mean Time To Failure
MTTR      Mean Time To Repair
MUD       Multiuser Domains [Internet] +
          Multiuser Dungeons [Internet]
MUL       Multiply
MUMPS     Massachusetts General Hospital Utility
          Multi-Programming System (Programming Language)
MUX       Multiplexer
mV        Millivolt
MVB       Multimedia Viewer Book
MVC       Multimedia Viewer Compiler
MVDM      Multiple Virtual DOS Machines
MVGA      Monochrome Video Graphics Array
MVS       Multiple Virtual Storage
MVT       Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks
MX        Mail Exchanger [Internet]
NACD      National Association of Computer Dealers
NACS      National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors
NAE       Not Above or Equal
NAK       Negative Acknowledgment
NAPLPS    North American Presentation Level Protocol
          Syntax (graphics)
NAS       Network Application Support [DEC]
NASA      National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASI      NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface [Novell]
NAU       Network Addressable Unit
NBE       Not Below or Equal
NBI       Nothing But Initials
NBS       National Bureau of Standards
NC        No Carry + Numerical Control
NCA       Network Communications Adapter
NCC       Network Control Center
NCGA      National Computer Graphics Association
NCIC      National Crime Information Center
NCMT    * Numerical Control for Machine Tools
NCP       NetWare Core Protocol + Network Control Processor +
          Network Control Program + Not Copy Protected
NCR       National Cash Register (Company)
NCSI      Network Communications Services Interface [Novell]
NDEF      Not to be Defined
NDIS      Network Driver Interface Specification
NDP       Numeric Data Processor
NDRO      Non-Destructive Read Out
NDS       NetWare Directory Service [Novell]
.NDX      Index (file name extension)
NEC       Nippon Electric Company
NEG       Negative + Negate
NET       Network (organization Domain name) [Internet]
NetBIOS   Network Basic Input/Output System [IBM]
NetBEUI   NetBIOS Extended User Interface [IBM]
.NEW      New Information (file name extension)
NEWS      NetWare Early Warning System [Frye Computer]
NEXT      Near-End Crosstalk
NFF       No Fault Found
NFS       Network File System
NG        No Good
NGE       Not Greater or Equal
NHC       National Hurricane Center
N/I       Non-Interlaced
NIC       Network Information Center [Internet] +
          Network Interface Card +
          Numeric Intensive Computing
NICAD     Nickel Cadmium
NID       New Interactive Display [NEC] + Next ID
NIMH      Nickel-Metal Hydride
NIPS      Network I/Os Per Second
NISO      National Information Standards Organization
NIST      National Institute for Standards and Technology
NITC      National Information Technology Center
NJE       Network Job Entry (protocol) [IBM]
NL        New Line
NLE       Not Less or Equal
NLM       NetWare Loadable Module [Netware]
NLQ       Near Letter Quality
NLS       National Language Support [OS/2]
NMI       Non-Maskable Interrupt
NMM       NetWare Management Map [NetWare]
NMOS      Negative Channel Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
NMS       Network Management System [Novell]
NNTP      Network News Transfer Protocol [Internet]
NOC       Network Operations Center
NOP       No Operation
NOR       Not Or
NOS       Network Operating System
NPA       Network Printer Alliance
NPI       Network Printer Interface
NPL       Nonprocedural Language
NPU       Natural Processing Unit
NPX       Numeric Processor Extension
NREN      National Research and Education Network
NRZ       Not Return to Zero
NRZI      Non Return to Zero Inverted
NS        Nanosecond + Network Supervisor + Non Stop
NSA POLY  National Security Agency Polygraph
NSF       National Science Foundation
NSTL      National Software Testing Labs
NT        New Technology [Microsoft]
NTF       No Trouble Found
NTFS      New Technology File System [Microsoft]
NTSC      National Television Standards Committee
NUI       Network User Identification +
          Network User Interface +
          Notebook User Interface [Go Corporation]
NUL       Dummy Device + No Device
NV        No Overflow
NVM       Non-Volatile Memory
NVP       Nominal Velocity of Propagation
NVRAM     Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
OAB       One-to-All Broadcast
OAG       Official Airline Guide + Online Air Guide
OAI       Open Applications Interface
OAS       One-to-All Scatter
OBJ       Object
OCE       Open Collaborative Environment [Apple]
OCL       Operation Control Language + Operator Control Language
OCR       Optical Character Recognition
ODA       Office Document Architecture
ODAPI     Open Database Application Programming
          Interface [Borlund]
ODBC      Open Database Connectivity [Microsoft]
ODBMS     Object-Oriented Database Management System  (also
          see OODMS)
ODI       Open Datalink Interface [Novell] +
          Open Device Interconnect [NetWare]
ODS       Open Data Services [Microsoft]
OEM       Original Equipment Manufacturer
OF        Overflow Flag
OFMT      Output Format for Numbers
OFS       Output Field Separator
OH        Off Hook
OIDL      Object Interface Definition Language
OIS       Office Information Systems
.OLD      Old version (file name extension)
OLE       Object Linking and Embedding [Microsoft]
OLI       Optical Line Interface [AT&T]
OLMC      Output Logic Macrocell
OLTP      On-Line Transaction Processing
OM        Object Manager
OMF       Object Module Format [Microsoft] +
          Open Message Format
OMG       Object Management Group
OMI       Open Messaging Interface [Lotus]
OMNS      Open Network Management System
OMR       Optical Mark Recognition
ONC       Open Network Computing [Sun]
OODB      Object-Oriented Database
OODMS     Object-Oriented Database Management System (also
          see ODBMS)
OOL       Object-Oriented Language
OOPL      Object-Oriented Programming Language
OOPS      Object Oriented Programming and Systems
OOS       Object-Oriented Systems +
          Off-line Operating Simulator
OOUI      Object Oriented User Interface
OP        Operation + Optical + Output
OPAC      Online Public Access Catlog [Internet]
OPC       Optical Photoconductor
OPCODE    Operational Code
OPD       Operand
OPI       Open Prepress Interface
OPM       Operations Per Minute
OPS       Operations
OPT       Open Protocol Technology
.OPT      Options (file name extension)
OPUS      Octal Program Updating System
ORACLE    On-Line Inquiry and Report Generator (UNIX DB program)
ORG       Organization (organization Domain name) [Internet]
.ORI      Original (file name extension)
ORS       Output Record Separator
OS        Operating System
OS/2      Operating System/2 [IBM]
OSA       Open System Architecture
OS/E      Operating System/Environment
OSF       Open Software Foundation
OSI       Open Systems Interconnection
OSM       Off-Screen Model
OSP       Optical Storage Processor
OSPF      Open Shortest Path First
OSQL      Object Structured Query Language
OT        Object Technology
OTF       Open Token Foundation
OTP       One-Time Programmable
.OUT      Outlines (file name extension)
OUTS      Output String
OV        Overflow
.OVL      Program Overlay (file name extension)
.OVR      Program Overlay (file name extension)
OWL       Object Windows Library [Borlund] +
          Open Windows Library [Borlund]
PABX      Private Automatic Branch Exchange
PAD       Packet Assembler/Disassembler
PADS      Pen Application Development System [Slate Corporation]
.PAK      Packed (file name extension)
PAL       Paradox Applications Language [Borlund] +
          Phase Alternate Line + Programmed Array Logic +
          Programming Assembly Language
PALC      Plasma-Addressed Liquid Crystal (display)
PALS      Principles of the Alphabet Literacy System
PAP       Passwork Authentication Protocol (protocol)
PAR       Parallel
PARA      Paragraph
PARC      Palo Alto Research Center [XEROX]
.PAS      PASCAL source code (file name extension)
PASCAL    (Programming Language named for Blaise Pascal)   
.PAT      Patch (file name extension)
PBE       Prompt By Example
PBX       Private Branch Exchange
PC        Personal Computer + Printed Circuit + Program Counter
PCB       Printed Circuit Board + Program Control Block
PC-DOS    Personal Computer – Disk Operating System [IBM]
PCI       Peripheral Component Interconnect [Intel]
PC-I/O    Program Controlled I/O
PCL       Printer Command Language [HP] + Process Control Language
PCM       Personal Computer Manufacturer + Pulse Code Modulation
PCMCIA    Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PCNFS     Personal Computer Network File System
PCS       Patchable Control Store +
          Personal Communication Services +
          Planning Control Sheet + Print Contrast Signal +
          Process Control Systems + Program Counter Store +
          Programmable Drive Table + Project Control System
.PCT      Picture (file name extension)
.PCX      Picture Image (file name extension)
PD        Public Domain
PDA       Personal Digital Assistant
PDD       Physical Device Driver
PDF       Portable Document Format +
          Processor Defined Function +
          Program Development Facility
.PDF      Printer Description (file name extension)[Borlund,Lotus]
PDIAL     Public Dialup Internet Access List [Internet]
PDL       Page Description Language + Program Description Language
          + Program Design Language
PDN       Public Data Network
PDP       Progammable Data Processor +
          (DEC Computer System Designation, i.e. PDP-8, PDP-11)
PDS       Packet Driver Specification + Partitioned Data Set
PDSS      Post Development and Software Support
PDT       Programmable Drive Table
.PDX      Paradox files (file name extension) [Borlund]
PE        Parity Even + Processing Element + Protect Enable
PEA       Pocket Ethernet Adapter
PEL       Picture Element [IBM]
PEN SDK   Pen Computing Software Development Kit
PEP       Packetized Ensemble Protocol [Telebit]
PERL      Practical Extraction and Report Language [Unix]
PERT      Program Evaluation and Review Technique
PES       Positioning Error Signal + Processor Enhancement Socket
          Processor Upgrade Socket
PET       Print Enhancement Technology [Compaq]
.PFM      Printer Font Metrics (file name extension) [Windows]
PFR       Power-Fail Restart
PGA       Pin Grid Array + Professional Graphics Adapter [IBM]
PGDN      Page Down
.PGL      Graphics (file name extension) [Hewlett-Packard]
PGM       Program
.PGP      ProGram Parameter (file name extension) [AutoCAD]
PGUP      Page Up
PHIGS     Programmers’ Hierarchial Interactive Graphics
          Standards
.PHO      Phone List (file name extension)
PI        Program Interruption
PIA       Peripheral Interface Adapter
PIC       Priority Interrupt Controller +
          Program Interrupt Controller
PICT      Picture
PID       Process Identification Number
PIF       Program Information File
PILOT     Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching
PIM       Personal Information Manager
PIN       Personal Identification Number
PING      Packet Internet Groper
PIO       Parallel Input/Output + Processor Input/Output +
          Programmed Input/Output
PIP       Picture In Picture + Problem Isolation Procedure +
          Programmable Interconnect Point
PIPO      Parallel In, Parallel Out
PIT       Programmable Interval Timer
PIXEL     Picture Element
PL        Plus
PLA       Programmable Logic-Array
PLATO     Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations
PLC       Programmable Logic Controller
PLCC      Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier
PLD       Programmable Logic Device
PLL       Phase Locked Loop
.PLL      Prelinked Library (file name extension) [Clipper]
PL/M      Programming Language for Micros
PLV       Production Level Video
PL/1    * Programming Language One
PM        Presentation Manager [IBM] +
          Preventative Maintenance + Process Manager
PMMU      Paged Memory Management Unit
PMOS      Positive Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor
PMS       Policy Management System
PN        Processing Node
PO        Parity Odd
POL       Problem Oriented Language
POP       Point Of Presence [MCI] + Pop from Stack +
          Post Office Protocol
POPA      Pop All Registers
POPF      Pop Flags
POS       Point Of Sale + Positive + Programmable Object Select
POSIX     Portable Operating System Environment Standard [IEEE]
POST      Power-On Self Test
POSTNET   Postal Numeric Encoding Technique
PPDS      Personal Printer Data Stream [IBM]
PPM       Pages Per Minute
PPP       Point-to-Point Protocol [Internet]
PRAM      Parallel Random-Access Machine
.PRD      Printer Driver (file name extension) [Word]
.PRF      Preferences (file name extension) [Grammatik IV]
.PRG      Program (file name extension)
PRMD      Private Mangement Domain [X.400}
.PRO      Profile (file name extension)
PROC      Procedure
PROFS     Professional Office System [IBM]
PROG      Program + Programmer
PROLOG    Programming In Logic (Programming Language)(See HLL)
PROM      Programmable Read Only Memory
PRN       Printer
PPP       Point-to-Point Protocol
PRACSA    Public Remote Access Computer Standards Association
PRAM      Parameter Random Access Memory +
          Programmable Random Access Memory
PRMD      Private Management Domain
.PRS      Printer (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
PRTSC     Print Screen
PS        Proportional Spacing
.PS       PostScript (file name extension)
PS/2      Programming System 2 [IBM]
PSC       Product Service Center
PSF       Permanent Swap File
PSP       Personal Software Products (group) [IBM] +
          Program Segment Prefix
P-SRAM    Pseudo-Static Random Access Memory
PSTN      Public Switch Telephone Network
PSW       Program Status Word
PT        Page Table
P/T       Part Time
PTD       Parallel Transfer Disk Drive
PUB       Public (directory) [Internet] + Publish
.PUB      Publication (file name extension) [Ventura]
PUS       Processor Upgrade Socket
PUSHA     Push All Registers
PUSHF     Push Flags
PVC       Polyvinyl Chloride
PVM       Parallel Virtual Machine +
          Pass-through Virtual Machine (protocol) [IBM]
PWB       Printed Wire Board +
          Programmer’s Workbench [Microsoft]
PWR       Power    
PWSCS     Programmable Worstation Communication
          Services [IBM]
.PX       Primary Index (file name extension) [Paradox]
QA        Quality Assurance
QAM       Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QBE       Query By Example
QBF       Query by Form
QC        Quality Control
QDOS      Quick and Dirty Operating System
.QDI      Dictionary (file name extension) [Quicken]
.QDT      Data (file name extension) [Quicken]
QFA       Quick File Access
QIC       Quality Information Using Cycle Time [Hewlett-Packard] +
          Quarter-Inch Cartridge
.QIF      Quicken Interchange Format (file name extension)
.QMT      Memorized List (file name extension) [Quicken]
.QNX      Indexes to Data (file name extension) [Quicken]
QPSK      Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RA        Return Authorization
RACF      Resource Access Control Facility
RAG       Row Address Generator
RAID      Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks +
          Redundant Arrays of Independent Drives +
          Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
RALU      Register Arithmetic Logic Unit
RAM       Random Access Memory
RAMDAC    Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog
          Converter [Sierra]
RAND      Random
RAP       Rapid Application Prototyping
RARP      Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RAS       Random Access Storage +
          Reliability, Availability and Serviceability +
          Row Address Select
RB        Right Button (of 2 or 3 button Mouse)
RBBS      Remote Bulletin Board System
RCL       Rotate Carry Left
RCP       Restore Cursor Position
RCR       Rotate Carry Right
RCS       Records Communications Switching System
RD        Receive Data + Remove Directory
R&D       Research and Development
RDA       Remote Database Access
RDB       Receive Data Buffer + Relational Database
RDBMS     Relational Database Mangement System
RDCLK     Received Timing Clock
RDSR      Receiver Data Service Request
.REC      Recorder (file name extension)
.REF      Reference (file name extension)
REG       Register
REGAL     Rigid Epoxy Glass Acrylic Laminate
RELSECT   Relative Sector
REM       Remark + Remote + Ring Error Monitor
REN       Rename
REP       Repeat
REPE      Repeat while Equal
REPNE     Repeat while Not Equal
REPNZ     Repeat while Not Zero
REPZ      Repeat while Zero
REQ       Request
RES       Remote Execution Service + Reset + Resolution
.RES      Resource (file name extension)
RET       Resolution Enhancement Technology [HP] +
          Return
REX       Relocatable Executable
REXX      Restructured Extended Executor (language) [IBM]
RF        Radio Frequency
RFC       Request For Comments [Internet]
RFI       Radio Frequency Interference
RFP       Request for Proposal
RFS       Remote File System
RFT       Revisable Form Text + Rich Text Format
RFU       Reserved For Future Use
RGB       Red-Green-Blue (color model)
RI        Referential Integrity
RIFF      Resource Interschange File Format [Microsoft]
RIM       Remote Installation and Maintenance [Microsoft]
RIME      RelayNet International Message Exchange
RIP       Raster Image Processor +
          Remote Imaging Protocol +
          Routing Information Protocol [Novell]
RISC      Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RJE       Remote Job Entry
RLE       Run Length Encoded
RLL       Run Length Limited
RLN       Remote LAN Node [DCA]
RLSD      Received Line Signal Detected
RLSI    * Ridiculously Large-Scale Integration
RM        Reset Mode
RMA       Return Material Authorization +
          Return to Manufacturer Authorization
RMDIR     Remove Directory
RMON      Remote Monitor/Monitoring
RMS       Record Management Services + Root Mean Square
RND       Random
R-O       Read Only
ROL       Rotate Left
ROM       Read Only Memory
ROR       Rotate Right
RPC       Real Procedure Call + Remote Procedure Call
RPG       Report Program Generator (Programming Language)
RPL       Resident Programming Language +
          Requested Privilege Level
RPPROM    Reprogrammable PROM
RPT       Repeat
RPQ       Request for Price Quotation
RQBE      Relational Query By Example [Fox Pro]
RR        Real Reality
RS        Radio Shack +
          Recommended Standard (as in RS-232) [EIA] +
          Record Separator + Request to Send
RSCS      Remote Spooling Communications System
RSL       Request-and-Status Link
RSP       Required Space Character
RST       Reset + Restart
RSTS      Resource Sharing Time Sharing [Digital]
RSX       Real Time Resource Sharing Executive
RT        Real Time + RISC Technology + Run Time
R/T       Receive/Transmit
RTAM      Remote Terminal Access Method
RTC       Real-Time Clock
RTF       Rich Text Format
RTL       Register Transfer Language +
          Resistor Transistor Logic + Right-To-Left +
          Run Time Library
RTM       Response Time Monitor
RTOS      Real-Time Operating System
RTS       Request To Send
RTTY      Radio Teletypewriter (Communications)
RTV       Real Time Video
R/W       Read/Write
RWM       Read-Write Memory
RX        Receiver
RXD       Received Data
SAA       Systems Application Architecture [IBM]
SADL      Synchronous Data Link Control [Racal-Vadic]
SAINT   * Symbolic Automatic Integrator
SAL       Shift Arithmetic Left
SAM       Serial Access Memory +
          Sequential Access Method
SAP       Second Audio Program + Service Access
          Point [DEC] + Service Advertising Protocol
SAP     * Symbolic Assembly Program
SAR       Shift Arithmetic Right +
          Successive Approximation Register
SAS       Sales Accounting System + Single Audio System
.SAV      Saved (file name extension)
SAVDM     Single Application VDM
SB        Sound Board
SBB       Subtract With Borrow
SBC       Single-Board Computer
SBCS      Single-Byte Character Set
SCAS      Scan String
SCB       Subsystem Control Block [IBM]
SCC       Serial Communications Controllers +
          Serial Controller Chip +
          Synchronous Channel Check [IBM]
SCCS      Source Code Control System
SCD       Standard Color Display
SCF       System Control Facility
SCM       Software Configuration Management
SCO       Santa Cruz Operation (Software Company)
SCOPE     Simple Communications Programming Enironment
          [Hayes]
SCP       Save Cursor Position + Subsystem Control Port +
          System Control Program
SCR       Silicon Controlled Rectifier
.SCR      Script (file name extension)
SCRN      Screen (video display)
SCSI      Small Computer Systems Interface
SD        Send Data
SDA       Software Disk Array + Source Data Automation +
          System Display Architecture [Digital]
SDF       Space Delimited File + Space Delimited Format
.SDF      Standard Data Format (file name extension)
SDI       Selective Dissemination of Information
SDK       Software Developer’s Kit [Microsoft]
SDLC      Synchronous Data Link Control (protocol)
SDN       Software Defined Network [AT&T]
SDNS      Secure Data Network Service
SDR       Streaming Data Request
SDS       Sysops Distribution System
SD_STB    Streaming Data Strobe [IBM]
SEA       Standard Extended Attribute [OS/2]
SEAC    * Name of first computer to use transistors, built
          by Standard Eastern Automating Computing
SEC       Single Error Correction
SECAM     Sequential Color And Memory
SED       Stream Editor
SEG       Segment
SEL       Select
SEM       Scanning Electron Microscope +
          Standard Electronic Module
SER       Serial
SET       Softwave Engineering Technology
.SET      Driver Set (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC] +
          Image Settings (file name extension) [Paradox]
SEU       Smallest Executable Unit
SF        Sign Flag
SFQL      Structured Full-text Query Language
SFT       System Fault Tolerance
SFX       Sound Effect(s)
SGEN      Signal Generator + System Generator
SGDT      Store Global Descriptor Table
SGML      Standard Generalized Markup Language
SGR       Set Graphics Rendition
S/H       Sample and Hold
SHAR      Shell Archive
SHL       Shift Logical Left
SHR       Shift Logical Right
SI        Source Index + System Information    
SID       Station Identification [AT&T] +
          Symbolic Interactive Debugger
SIDT      Store Interrupt Descriptor Table
SIG       Special Interest Group
SIGCAT    Special Interest Group on CD-ROM Applications
          and Technology
SIM       Simulator
SIMD      Single Instruction Multiple Data Stream (processor)
SIMM      Single In-line Memory Module
SIMULA    Simulation (language)
SIO       Serial Input/Output (communications driver)
SIP       Single In-line Package
SIPO      Serial In, Parallel Out
SIPP      Single In-line Pin Package
SIT       Special Information Tones
SISO      Serial In, Serial Out
SLDT      Store Local Descriptor Table
SLIP      Serial Line Interface Protocol
SLMR      Silly Little Modem Reader
SLOSH     Sea, Lake and Overland Surge from Hurricane (program)
SLSI      Super Large-Scale Integration
SLSS      Systems Library Subscription Service [IBM]
SM        Set Mode + Shared Memory
SMB       Server Message Block (protocol) [MII]
SMD       Surface Mounted Device
SMDS      Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service
SMF       System Manager Facility [Compaq]
SMI       System Management Interrupt [Intel]
SMIF      Standard Mechanical Interface
SMIT      System Management Interface Tool [IBM]
SMK       Software Migration Kit [Microsoft]
SMM       System Mangement Mode [Intel]
SMP       Symbolic Manipulation Program +
          Symmetrical Multiprocessor
SMPC      Shared Memory Parallel Computer
SMPS      Switching Mode Power Supply
SMRAM     System Management Random Access Memory
SMS       Storage Management Services [NetWare] +
          Storage Management Subsystem
SMSW      Store Machine Status Word
SMT       Surface-Mount Technology
SMTP      Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SMU       System Management Utility
SN        Serial Number
S/N       Signal-to-Noise (Ratio)
SNA       Systems Network Architecture [IBM]
SND       Sound
SNMP      Simple Network Management Protocol
SNOBOL    String Oriented Symbolic Language (Progamming Language)
SNP       Serial Number/Password [Omen Technology]
SNR       Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOC       System On a Chip
SOE       Standard Operating Environment
SOH       Start of Heading
SOL       Simulation Oriented Language
SOM       Start of Message + System Object Model [IBM]
SONET     Synchronous Optical Network
SOP       Standard Operating Procedures
SOS       Silicon On Sapphire + Standards and Open Systems
SOTA      State Of The Art
SOX       Sound Exchange
SP        Service Pack [IBM] + Stack Pointer + System Product
SPA       Software Publishers Association
SPARC     Scalable Processor Architecture
SPC       Small Peripheral Controller + Statistical Process Control
SPCL      Spectrum Cellular Corporation
SPF       Shortest Path First + System Programming Facility
SPI       Service Provider Interface
SPIKE     Science Planning Intelligent Knowledge-Based
          Environment [STScI]
SPL       Spooler
.SPL      Spell Checker (file name extension)
SPM       System Performance Monitor [IBM]
SPOOL     Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line
SPS       Standby Power System
SPSS      Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
SPT       Sectors Per Track
SPX       Sequenced Packet Exchange [Novell]
SQ        Squeezed (files)
SQL/DS    Structured Query Language/Data System [IBM]
SQRT      Square Root
SR        Shift Register
SRAM      Shadow Random Access Memory +
          Static Random Access Memory
SRD       Screen Reader System
SRM       Security Reference Monitor
SRO       Sharable and Read Only
SRPI      Server-Requester Programming Interface
SRQ       Service Request
SRR       Serially Reusable Resource
SS        Stack Segment + Single Sided + Seconds
SSEC    * Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator [IBM]
SSGA      System Suppport Gate Array
SSI       Small Scale Integration
SST       Spread-Spectrum Technology
STA       Spanning Tree Algorithm
STB       Strobe
STC       Set Carry Flag
STD       Set Direction Flag + Standard
STDA      StreetTalk Directory Assistance [Banyan]
STDAUX    Standard Auxillary
STDERR    Standard Error
STDIN     Standard Input
STDIO.H   Standard Input/Output Header [C]
STDM      Statistical Time Division Multiplexer
STDOUT    Standard Output
STDPRN    Standard Printer
.STF      Structured File (file name extension) [Lotus Agenda]
STI       Set Interrupt Flag
STN       Supertwist Nematic
STOS      Store String
STP       Shielded Twisted Pair (cable) + Signal Transfer Point
STR       Store Task Register + Synchronous Transmitter Receiver
STRESS    Structural Engineering System Solver (Programming      
          Language)
STRUDL    Structural Design Language (Programming Language)
STScI     Space Telescope Science Institute
STX       Start of Text
.STY      Style (file name extension) [Ventura, Word, WordPerfect]
SUB       Subroutine + Substitute + Subtract
.SUP      Supplemental Dictionary (file name extension)
          [WordPerfect]
SVGA      Super Video Graphics Array
S-VHS     Super VHS
S/W       Software
.SWP      Swap (file name extension)
SYLK      Symbolic Link
.SYM      Symbols (file name extension)
.SYN      Synonym (file name extension)
SYNC      Synchronous
SYS       System
.SYS      System Configuration (file name extension) +
          System Device Driver (file name extension)
SYSGEN    System Generator
SYSLOG    System Log
SYSMOD    System Modification
SYSOP     System Operator
SYSREQ    System Request
TAD       Telephone Answering Device
TAPCIS    The Access Program for the CompuServe
          Information Service
TAR       Tape Archive
TASM      Turbo Assembler [Borland]
TAXI      Transparent Asynchronous Tranceiver Interface
TB        Terabyte (1,000 gigabytes)
T/B       Top and Bottom
TBBS      The Bread Board System (BBS)
.TBK      Toolbook (file name extension)
TC        Test Control + Transmission Control
TCM       Trellis-Coded Modulation
TCP/IP    Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TD        Transmit Data
TDtoDP    Tablet Coordinates to Display Coordinates
          (converting)
TDE       Terminal Display Editor
.TDF      Trace Definition File (file name extension) [OS/2] +
          Typeface Definition File (file name extension)
TDM       Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA      Time Division Multiple Access
TDMS      Terminal Display Management System
TDSR      Transmitter Data Service Request
TDR       Time Domain Reflectometry
TE/2      Terminal Emulator/2 [Oberon]
TEC       Tokyo Electronics Corporation
TED       Tiny Editor
TEML      Turbo Editor Macro Language [Borlund]
TER       Thermal Eclipse Reading [Sony]
TERMPWR   Terminator Power
TFDD      Text File Device Driver
TFEL      Thin-Film Electroluminescent
.TFM      Tagged Font Metric (file name extension)
TFT       Thin-Film Transistor (screens)
THD       Total Harmonic Distortion
.THD      Thread (file name extension)
THOR      Tandy High-Performance Optical Recording
.THS      Thesaurus (file name extension)
TI        Texas Instruments, Inc.
TID       Target ID
TIES      Time Independent Escape Sequence
.TIF      Tagged Image File (filename extension)
TIFF      Tagged Image File Format
TIGA      Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture
TIGER     Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding
          and Referencing
TIP       Terminal Interface Processor
TLB       Translation Lookaside Buffer
TLI       Transport Layer Interface
TLU       Table Lookup
.TLX      Telex (file name extension)
TM        Trademark
TMP       Temporary
TN        Twisted Nematic
TNC       Terminal Node Controller
TOP       Technical and Office Protocol
TPC       Transaction Processing Performance Council
TPI       Tracks Per Inch
TPL       Table Producing Language
TPM       Transactions Per Minute
TPORT     Twisted Pair Port Transceiver [AT&T]
TPS       Transactions Per Second +
          Transaction Processing System
TPW       Turbo Pascal for Windows
TQM       Total Quality Management
TR        Terminal Ready
T/R       Transmit/Receive
TRADIC  * Transistorized Airborne Digital Computer
          (Name of first computer to be entirely
          transistorized)
.TRM      Terminal (file name extension)
TRON      The Real-Time Operating System Nucleus
TS        Top Secret
TSA       Technical Support Alliance
TSB       Termination Status Block
TSO       Time Sharing Option
TSR       Terminate and Stay Resident
TSS       Task State Segment + Time Sharing System
TS/SI     Top Secret/Sensitive Information
.TST      Test (file name extension)
TSTN      Triple Supertwisted Nematic
.TTF      TrueType Font (file name extension)
TTL       Transistor-Transistor Logic
TTS       Transaction Tracking System
TTY       Teletype
TUI       Text-Based User Interface [WordPerfect]
.TUT      Tutorial (file name extension)
TVI       Television Interference
TWX       Teletypewriter Exchange Service
TXD       Transmitted Data
TXT       Text
TXT2STF   Text To Structured File [Lotus Agenda]
UA        User Agent + User Area
UAE       Unrecoverable Application Error
UART      Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UCL       Universal Communications Language
UCS       Universal Character Set
UDC       User Defined Commands
UDE       Universal Data Exchange
UDF       User Defined Functions
UDP       User Datagram Protocol
UFS       Unix File System
UG        User Group
UI        Unix International + User Interface
UID       User Identifier
UL        Underwriters Laboratories + Upload
ULA       Uncommitted Logic Array
ULN       Universal Link Negotiation
ULSI      Ultra Large Scale Integration
UMB       Upper Memory Block [LIM/AST]
UNC       Universal Naming Convention
UNCOL     Universal Computed Oriented Language
UNICOM    Universal Integrated Communication (System)
UNICOS    Universal Compiler FORTRAN compatible
UNIVAC    Universal Automatic Computer
UNIX      (AT&T Bell Laboratories Operating System)
UNMA      Unified Network Management Architecture
UPC       Universal Product Code
UPL       User Program Language
UPM       Unix Programmer’s Manual +
          User Profile Management [IBM]
UPS       Uninterruptible Power Supply +
          Uninterruptible Power System
UREP      Unix RSCS Emulation Protocol (protocol)
US        Unit Separator
USART     Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous Reciever/Transmitter
USERID    User Identification
USQ       Unsqueezed (files)
USR       US Robotics (corporation)
USRT      Universal Synchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USSA      User Supported Software Association (United Kingdom)
UT        User Terminal
UTC       Coordinated Universal Time
UTI       Universal Text Interchange
UTP       Unshielded Twisted-Pair (cable)
UU        Uuencode/Uudecode
UUCP      Unix-To-Unix Copy Program
UUI       User-To-User Information [AT&T]
UV        Ultraviolet
VA        Virtual Address
VAD       Value Added Dealer
VADD      Value Added Disk Driver
VAL       Value + Voice Application Language
.VAL      Validity Checks (file name extension) [Paradox]
VAM       Virtual Access Method
VAN       Value Added Network
VAP       Value Added Processes
VAR       Value Added Reseller + Value Added Retailer + Variable
VAX/VMS   Virtual Address Extension/Virtual Memory System [DEC]
VB        Variable Block
VBA       Visual Basic for Applications [Microsoft]
.VBX      Visual Basic (file name extension)
VCD       Virtual Communications Driver
VCPI      Virtual Control Program Interface
VCR       Video Cassette Recorder
VDD       Virtual Device Driver
VDDM      Virtual Device Driver Manager
VDE       Video Display Editor
VDISK     Virtual Disk
VDM       Virtual DOS Machine [IBM]
VDS       Virtual DMA Services
VDT       Video Display Terminal
VDU       Video Display Unit + Visual Display Unit
VEGA      Video-7 Enhanced Graphics Adapter [Video-7, Inc.]
VEMM      Virtual Expanded Memory Manager
VER       Verify
VERONICA  Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Network Index to
          Computer Archives [Internet]
VERR      Verify Read Access
VERW      Verify Write Access
VESA      Video Electronics Standards Association
VFD       Vacuum Fluorescent Display
VGA       Video Graphics Array
VGC       Video Graphics Controller
VHS       Very High Speed + Virtual Host Storage
VHSIC     Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
VIM       Vendor Independent Messaging (interface)
VIO       Video Input/Output + Virtual Input/Output
VINES     Virtual Network Operating System [Banyan]
VIP       Variable Information Processing
VIPER     Verifiable Integrated Processor for
          Enhanced Reliability
VIS       Video Information System [Tandy] +
          Voice Information System
VL-BUS    Vesa Local-Bus [VESA]
VLF       Very Low Frequency
VLIW      Very Long Instruction Word (machine)
VLM       Virtual Loadable Module
VLSI      Very Large Scale Integration
VLSIPS    Very Large Scale Immobilized Polymer Synthesis
VLT       Variable List Table
VM        Virtual Machine + Virtual Memory
VMA       Virtual Memory Address
VMB       Virtual Machine Boot
VMM       Virtual Memory Manager
VMOS      Vertical MOS
VMS       Virtual Memory System + Voice Message System
VMT       Virtual Memory Technique
VOL       Volume
VOM       Volt Ohm Meter
VOS       Verbal Operating System
VPD       Virtual Printer Device
VPDS      Virtual Private Data Service [MCI]
VR        Virtual Reality + Voltage Regulator
VRAM      Video Random Access Memory
VROOMM    Virtual Real-time Object Oriented
          Memory Manager [Borlund]
.VRS      WordPerfect Graphics Driver (file name extension)
VRU       Voice Response Unit
VS        Virtual Storage
VSAM      Virtual Storage Access Method
VSAT      Very Small Aperture Terminal
VSE       Virtual Storage Extended
VSF       Vertical Scanning Frequency
VSLI      Very Large Scale Integration
VSM       Virtual Shared Memory + Virtual Storage Management
VSOS      Virtual Storage Operating System
VSYNC     Vertical Sync
VTAM      Virtual Telecommunications Access Method [IBM]
VUI       Video User Interface
VUP       VAX Unit of Performance
VMS       Virtual Memory System + Voice Message System
VWB       Visual WorkBench [Microsoft]
W/        With
W3        (see WWW)
WABI      Windows Application Binary Interface [Sun]
WAIS      Wide Area Information Server/Service
WAITS     Wide Area Information Transfer System
WAN       Wide Area Network
WATS      Wide Area Telecommunications Service
.WAV      Waveform Audio (file name extension)
WC        Word Count
WELL      Whole Earth Lectronic Link (BBS)
WFW       Windows For Workgroups [Microsoft]
WGS       Work Group System
WINForum  Wireless Information Networks Forum
WINWORD   Word For Windows [Microsoft]
WISE      WordPerfect Information System Environment
.WKB      Workbook (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
.WKE      Worksheet (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
.WKQ      Spreadsheet (file name extension) [BORQU]
.WKS      Worksheet (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
.WKZ      Compressed Spreadsheet (file name extension) [BORQU]
.WK1      Worksheet (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC]
.WMF      Windows Metafile (file name extension) [Microsoft]
WNIC      Wide-Area Network Interface Co-Processor
WNIM      Wide-Area Network Interface Module
W/O       Without
WORM      Write Once, Read Many
WOSA      Windows Open Services/Systems Architecture [Microsoft]
WP        WordPerfect + Word Processing + Write Protected
.WPG      Graphics (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
WPHD      Write-Protect Hard Disk
.WPK      Keyboard (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
WPM       Words Per Minute
.WPM      Macro (file name extension) [WordPerfect]
WPS       Windows Printing System [Microsoft] +
          Workplace Shell [OS2]
.WQ1      Spreadsheet (file name extension) [BORPQU]
.WQ!      Compressed Spreadsheet (file name extension) [BORPQU]
WS        WordStar + Workstation
WT        Write Through
WWW       World-Wide Web [Internet]
WYSBYGI   What You See Before You Get It
WYSIWYG   What You See Is What You Get
XA        Extended Architecture + Extended Attribute
XAPIA     X.400 Application Program Interface Association
X2B       Hexadecimal to Binary [REXX]
X2C       Hexadecimal to Character [REXX]
XCHG      Exchange
XCMD      External Command
XCOPY     Extended Copy
X2D       Hexadecimal to Decimal [REXX]
XDR       Extended/External Data Representation
XFCN      External Function
XGA       Extended Graphics Array [IBM]
XID       Exchange Identifier
XIOS      Extended Input/Output System
XLAT      Translate
XLM       Excel Macro Language [Microsoft]
XMIT      Transmit
XMM       Extended Memory Manager [LIM/AST]
XMS       Extended Memory Specification [LIM/AST]
XNS       Xerox Network System (protocol) [Xerox]
XOFF      Transmitter Off
XON       Transmitter On
XOR       Exclusive OR (Also EOR)
XSMD      Extended Storage Module Drive (interface)
XTAL      Crystal
XTCLK     External Transmit Clock
YAM       Yet Another Modem [Omen Technology]
ZBR       Zone Bit Recording
Z-CAV     Zoned Constant Angular Velocity
ZDS       Zenith Data Systems
ZIF       Zero-Insertion Force (socket)
ZIP       Zigzag In-Line Package +
          Zone Improvement Plan (ZIPcode)
.ZIP      Compressed File (file name extension) [PKWare]
.ZOO      Compressed File (file name extension) [Dhesi]
ZSL       Zero Slot LAN
.$$$      Temporary File (file name extension)

     UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
     UU                                                  UU
     UU              BABEL:  A GLOSSARY OF               UU
     UU   COMPUTER ORIENTED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS   UU
     UU                                                  UU
     UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU Version 94A UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

Copyright (c) 1989-1994  Irving Kind        All Rights Reserved
        c/o K & D, One Church Lane, Baltimore, MD  21208

Jan 1994 version = BABEL94A       Jan 1995 version = BABEL95A
May 1994 version = BABEL94B       May 1995 version = BABEL95B
Sep 1994 version = BABEL94C       Sep 1995 version = BABEL95C

APPENDIX A:

Note 1: (To insure that you will receive the latest version)

     On receipt of your disk and disk mailer stamped with return
postage, the following procedure is followed:

     If received during Jan, Feb or Mar; the Jan version will
     be sent to you promptly.  If received during Apr, your
     disk will be held until the May version is issued.

     If received during May, Jun or Jul; the May version will
     be sent to you promptly.  If received during Aug, your
     disk will be held until the Sep version is issued.

     If received during Sep, Oct or Nov; the Sep version will
     be sent to you promptly.  If received during Dec, your
     disk will be held until the Jan version is issued.

Note 2:  Any of these disk sizes may be sent for updates:
         5-1/4" DD or HD      3-1/2" DD or HD

APPENDIX B:

    In electronic mail, some of the following "smiley faces"
rather than words, are used to express the writer’s feelings.
Turn your head to the side to read them.

             Smile                Laughing

              Smile           :-}     Grin

        :-]     Smirk                Frown

             Wink            :-X     Close-mouthed

        8-)     Wide-eyed       :-O     Open-mouthed

        )    I wear a        :-Q     But I don’t inhale
                moustache
                                     Oh, no!

    Also used:  <g>        Grin

                <ggg>      Wide Grin

                <g….g>   Very wide grin

This is a very common question that I am asked and it is very fundamental to troubleshooting and diagnosing networking issues.

What an IP address is:

Think of an IP address like a address to your home. The city/state gives you an address based on your home location. The post office is the ISP(internet service provider) that directs traffic from a business or another residential location. If your home address is incorrect you don’t get the messages or packages you requested from the world.

When you sign up with a ISP or internet traffic director they assign an IP address to your modem/router that commonly connects to a phone line or cable line. This way the ISP knows where to send all your messages. Now where it gets more complicated is the modem/router then assigns a IP address to your computer,xbox360,wireless device or any other internet connected device that is only local to the modem/router. So in a way the modem/router is a gateway to the internet directing traffic and sending it to the ISP.

As usual the following info is quite technical but if you look at the info it will make sense how an IP address is designed.

    
An IP address is often displayed as a numeric number in dotted decimal format (#.#.#.#), and represents the address for any host on a TCP/IP network. The address is made up of four 8 bit octets, for a total of 32 bits. Every octet is comprised of a number between 0 and 255. The limit of 255 for each octet is because, in binary the number equals 11111111. Computers don’t see the IP address in dotted decimal format, it is only done to simplify things for ourselves. The computers actually see an IP address as a continuous binary string.

Classes-
There are two different parts to an IP address, the network and host portions. The network portion defines the network address, and the host portion defines the individual host address of a device. There are five different classes of IP addresses all of which define different network and host sections. They are as follows (n = network and h = host):

Class A:
Decimal – n.h.h.h
Binary- 0#######.########.########.########
Address range -1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
Number of networks – 126
Number of hosts per network – 16,777,214

Class B:
Decimal – n.n.h.h
Binary- 10######.########.########.########
Address range – 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
Number of networks – 16,382
Number of hosts per network – 65,534

Class C:
Decimal – n.n.n.h
Binary- 110#####.########.########.########
Address Range – 192.0.1.0 to 233.255.255.255
Number of networks – 2,097,150
Number of hosts per network – 254

Class D addresses are used for multicast, and class E addresses are only used for experimental purposes only.

Private Addresses-
It may look like there are many more IP addresses then we could ever use but that is not the case. The number of publicly available IP addresses we currently have available will run out eventually. Some say in 5-10 years the available number of IPv4 addresses will all be used up. To help slow the processes there was the introduction of private IP’s for use on privately owned networks that don’t need a publicly assigned address. Numbers from classes A though C were set aside for private use. The numbers are:

Class A Private: 10.0.0.0
Class B Private: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C Private: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

The version of IP used today is IPv4. Because of the address shortage, there is an IPv6 on the way to help solve the problem. IPv6 addresses will be 128 bits long and will use hexadecimal notation rather than the current dotted decimal. With 128 bits to work with, there should be plenty of addresses for every living person on this planet and then some.

Questions? Please let me know.

-Mike Dopp